案例报告
颅骨成形术和术前定制的聚甲基丙烯酸酯,使用三维印刷的聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇乙二醇乙二醇模具
MehmetBeşirSürme1*, Omer Batu Hergunsel2,Bekir Akgun3和Metin Kaplan3
1土耳其Elazig Firat University神经外科医学院医学院
2Operatör,神经外科,Koç大学,神经外科系,土耳其伊斯坦布尔
3土耳其Elazig神经外科系神经外科神经外科教授
*通讯地址:MehmetBeşirSürme,土耳其Elazig神经外科医学系医学院,电子邮件:mbesirsurme@gmail.com
日期:提交:2018年11月12日;得到正式认可的:2018年11月29日;发布:2018年11月30日
如何引用本文:SürmeMB,Hergunsel OB,Akgun B,Kaplan M.颅骨成形术和术前定制的聚甲基丙烯酸酯,使用3二维印刷的聚乙二醇乙二醇酯甘油酸酯。J Neurosci Neurol疾病。2018;2:052-064。doi:10.29328/journal.jnnd.1001016
版权许可证:©2018SürmeMB等。这是根据Creativ金博宝app体育e Commons归因许可分发的开放访问文章,该文章允许在任何媒介中不受限制地使用,分发和复制,前提是适当地引用了原始作品。
关键字:颅骨成形术;聚甲基丙烯酸酯;3维建模
抽象的
Cranioplasty is a reconstructive procedure for the repair of skull defects or deformities. Polymethyl-methacrylate (PMMA) is a commonly used alloplastic material when autologous bone is unavailable. However, manual shaping of bone cement for frontal and orbital bone defects is challenging and may not lead to cosmetically satisfactory results. Advances in computer-aided 3-dimensional (3D) design and printing technology allow the production of patient-customized implants with improved cosmetic and functional results. A 39-year-old female patient presented with right-sided frontal swelling and headache. Computerized tomography (CT) demonstrated a right frontal calvarial mass extending to the orbital wall. The boundaries of the lesion were marked using a 3D design software. A polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG) mold was manufactured with help of a 3D printer. Artificial bone flap was formed by pouring PMMA into the mold. After surgical resection of the calvarial mass, customized PMMA implant was applied with titanium mini plate and screws. The defect was closed properly with good aesthetic results. Production of customized PMMA cranioplasty implants with 3D printed molds is a useful technique and can be preferred for calvarial defects due to skull tumors, bone resorption and traumatic bone loss.
介绍
颅骨成形术是对颅骨缺陷或自体骨移植物或同种异体材料的畸形的手术修复。颅骨成形术的主要指示是由于先前的减压颅骨切除术,这是一种治疗棘手的颅内高血压的常见手术程序[1]。可能导致头骨缺陷并需要颅骨成形术的其他临床状况包括颅骨肿瘤,骨吸收,感染和创伤性骨质流失[1]。
Cranial bone reconstruction may be conducted using autologous bone, non-metal or metal allografts. When performing decompressive craniectomy, autogenous bone flap obtained at the time of the procedure can be placed in abdominal fatty tissue and used in subsequent cranioplasty. If the craniectomy flap is unavailable due to conditions such as a calvarial neoplasm or bone loss, rib bones like autografts can be harvested for autologous bone graft. However, when a large skull defect or autologous bone resorption is at present, autografts may be insufficient for achieving good cosmetic outcome and cerebral protection [3,4].
Currently, non-metal and metal alloplastic materials including polymethyl-methacrylate (PMMA), hydroxyapatite and titanium meshes are widely used as cranioplasty grafts [5]. Although the use of these materials allows closure of large cranial defects, time needed for preparation, shaping and the contouring of the implant increases the duration of surgery. Moreover, defects close to the orbital walls and skull base constitute a challenge due to their complex shape and borders, compared to calvarial convexity, it is more difficult to achieve satisfying cosmetic results. Another problem encountered with acrylate grafts is the excessive amount of heat, generated by exothermic reaction that occurs during the preparation process [6].
术前水泥制剂是避免术中准备的耗时和不利影响的替代技术。在手术前准备移植物使外科医生能够根据缺陷尺寸调整边界和形状,改善美容结果,最大程度地减少手术持续时间并防止与热有关的并发症。
我们使用3维(3D)建模和印刷技术来展示并讨论一种高度成本有效的,患者的和化妆品移植的准备方法。
案件
三十九岁的女性患者出现了头痛的抱怨,右额头和右眼周围越来越明显的肿块。神经学评估并不显着。体格检查显示右额叶区域和上轨道壁上有硬质质量。3D计算机断层扫描(CT)显示右额肌钙质骨的硬化增厚,伴有低音结节病变。右侧额骨的内部表情也被侵蚀,并且有一个额外的轴向钙化,大小为17x10 mm(图1A)。
获得了具有1毫米厚度的轴向螺旋计算机断层扫描(CT)扫描(Philips Brilliance 64片CT,Philips Healthcare,Best,Best,荷兰),医学中的数字成像和通信(DICOM)数据转换为VIACHSTEROLIDESTORMENT(STLESTERIDER)(STL)格式(STL)格式Invesalius 3.0(巴西的Cti-Prom)软件。将此格式传输到Meshmixer(Autodesk 2017 Inc.)软件,并生成了头骨的3D图像(图1C)。标记了病理骨的足够切除的边界。参考这些边界,设计了一个3D模型,并将数据传输到3D打印机。使用3D打印机,制备了聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇(PETG)霉菌。模具由三片组成,平均打印时间为30小时(图2)。将2包40毫克抗生素涂层PMMA的包装混合并倒入模具中。材料硬化后,除去霉菌并获取预制的PMMA移植物(图3)。它在136°C的蒸汽高压釜中灭菌。
Intraoperatively, a bone mass extending to superior posterior orbital wall was exposed following a bicoronal skin incision. The lesion was resected using a high speed drill along with a part of frontal bone and superior and posterior aspects of orbita. Then prefabricated PMMA implant was placed on defect and stabilized with titanium mini plates and screws.
实现了额叶和轨道壁的良好重建(图4)。止血后,缝合层,手术过程中没有并发症发生。术后观察和触诊在周围和额叶区域周围没有明显的不对称外观。视觉检查是正常的。
Postoperative 3D reconstructed CT imaging revealed total excision of the lesion and successful closure of the defect with PMMA implant. No asymmetrical appearance was noticed when compared to left frontal and orbital bones (Figure 1B and D). The patient was discharged on the 4th day postoperatively with no additional complaints. Histopathological evaluation was consistent with Paget’s Disease.
讨论
成功重建大型颅骨缺陷是一项艰巨的任务。颅骨缺陷的重建对于保护大脑和重要结构至关重要。除了该过程的功能方面,还应通过化妆品恢复颅等轮廓来考虑美学[3]。尽管自体骨是骨皮瓣的最佳选择,但由于骨吸收和感染的因素,它并不总是可用[2]。如果不可能使用自体移植物,同种异性金属和非金属材料构成了修复缺陷的良好替代方法。每种材料都有自己的优势及其缺点。合成骨料的使用允许重建大缺陷,并避免有关供体区域的问题。自体骨移植物可以防止过敏反应和植入物暴露,但缺点包括供体部位发病率,长时间的手术时间,不可预测的吸收和不对称的骨形[2,7]。
PMMA是颅骨成形术植入物的广泛使用和最常见的同种异体材料之一,由于其长期使用,易于制备和塑造特性和低成本[8]。但是,PMMA移植物的术中造成与手术持续时间更长和化妆品结果相对较差有关。另外,在PMMA材料硬化过程中,发生放热聚合反应。关于这种反应有两个潜在的问题:首先,由于发生有毒单体的发生,存在局部和全身反应的风险[9]。其次,当PMMA植入物直接应用于缺陷区域时,可能会过度加热和对硬脑膜和下层实质组织的损害[6]。为了避免与术中PMMA铸造相关的问题,引入了术前设计的特定植入物。借助3D设计和印刷技术,可以将来自成像数据确定的缺陷的大小和形状转移到计划软件中,以生产患者量化的植入物[10,11]。我们使用CT扫描图像进行计算机辅助设计,从而使3D Cranium模型的表面呈现。产生了颅骨的3D图像,并标记了适当切除以切除病理骨的边界。使用3D打印机,准备了PETG模具。 Due to complex shape of frontoorbital region, we used a PETG mold consisting of 3 pieces. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is one of the commonly used plastic materials among the world. Direct food contact of PET is approved by FDA and it can be used as water and food container. Additionally, PET is also used in health industry as knee ligament or vascular prostheses because of its biostability and biocompatibility [12]. PETG is glycol-modified version of PET to achieve a clearer and stronger structure. PETG is a widely used, inexpensive substance for 3D printing. Since the substance is not autoclave-resistant, we first prepared the PMMA implant in non-sterile conditions and then sterilized it in autoclave at 136°C.
与额叶区域更大的凸结构及其与轨道屋顶的关系相比,与侧骨或顶骨相比,额骨的缺陷更难以恢复。此外,作为一个非头发和直接可见的区域,要获得良好的美学结果对于患者的幸福感和信心非常重要[13]。对于当前情况,不仅额骨,而且轨道的上侧屋顶和后部屋顶都被大钙质质量入侵。因此,通过术中准备的PMMA获得适当的额叶和光滑的轨道屋顶将非常耗时或非常困难。由于需要切除上轨道和后轨道壁,因此畸形的植入物可能导致牙周或脑畸形。当考虑到患者的主要投诉是一个可见的,逐渐生长的轨道质量时,要达到患者的期望非常重要,这一点至关重要。关于上述术中PMMA铸造的缺点,例如感染,延长手术持续时间,有毒和与热有关的作用,我们更喜欢使用预制的PMMA植入物。
先前的研究中报告了不同的霉菌制备方法。Kim等。[4],在2件模具之间铸造了PMMA,而Tan等人。[10],生成了1件式模具,并直接在其上施加了PMMA。为了仅实现具有轨道上部后壁和外侧壁的一件额骨模型,我们使用了3件式模具。另一种选择是分别对额骨和轨道壁进行预制,并用迷你螺钉和板系统组装碎片。尽管在设计过程中更具挑战性,但我们更喜欢第一个创建更稳定和化妆品的植入物。在手术期间,将预制的植入物用最小的修剪涂在缺陷上,并用5-7 mm的迷你螺钉和迷你板稳定。后轨道壁和额叶凸的重建非常令人满意,因为术后CT扫描证实了这一点。该技术不仅节省时间,而且还阻止了PMMA与Duramater和Eye Globe的直接接触。 It should be kept in mind that any measurement error that can be made in the mold preparation technique with the 3-D printer can prolong the surgery period and change the planning.
总之,3D设计和印刷技术的进展使外科医生能够在无法使用自体骨的情况下构建患者量身定制的颅骨成形术植入物。这种个性化的材料有助于避免术中PMMA的潜在并发症,例如局部和全身有毒作用,硬脑膜和实质性损害,同时减少操作时间并确保出色的化妆品结果。
致谢
作者要感谢Kemal Koyuncu先生和Yahya Cerrah先生的友好建议,并在3D设计和印刷过程中提供帮助。
参考
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