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提交:2020年12月17日|得到正式认可的:2020年12月29日|出版:2020年12月30日
如何引用本文:Razvodovsky Ye。估计俄罗斯饮酒水平:文献综述。J瘾君子Ther Res。2020;4:013-016。
doi:10.29328/journal.jatr.1001012
版权许可证:©2020 Razvodovsky Ye。这是根据Creativ金博宝app体育e Commons归因许可分发的开放访问文章,该文章允许在任何媒介中不受限制地使用,分发和复制,前提是适当地引用了原始作品。
关键字:酒精消耗;方法;评估;俄罗斯
估计俄罗斯饮酒水平:文献综述
Razvodovsky ye*
Institute Biochemistry of Biologically Active Substances Academy of Science of Belarus, Department of Medico-Biological Problems of Alcoholism, Russia
*通讯地址:Razvodovsky Ye,生物活性物质学院生物化学研究所白俄罗斯科学学院,酒精中毒的医学生物学问题,俄罗斯,电子邮件:yury_razvodovsky@mail.ru
背景:人均饮酒水平是与酒精有关的问题的重要指标。但是,由于部分消费来自非法来源,因此很难估计饮酒的实际水平。
目的:概述了估计俄罗斯饮酒水平的研究。
方法:在这篇综述中,分析了9篇文章,分析了估计俄罗斯饮酒的总体水平。
结果:in the period from 1956 to 2015 the overall level of alcohol consumption was subject to significant fluctuations: it grew almost linearly in the period from 1965 to 1979; decreased markedly in 1981; declined sharply between 1984 and 1987; rose sharply between 1991 and 1994; decreased significantly between 1995 and 1998; then increased significantly in the period from 1999 to 2003, after which it began to decline. The lowest estimate of the level of alcohol consumption for the entire period under consideration was obtained using the method proposed by Razvodovsky (7.25 litres - 1987), and the highest - using the method proposed by Norstrom (19.64 litres - 1994).
结论:尽管过去十年来俄罗斯的饮酒水平显着降低,但该水平仍然很高。
The level of alcohol consumption per capita is an important indicator of the alcohol-related problems [1-4]. However, it is difficult to estimate the real level of alcohol consumption, since part of the consumption comes from illegal sources [7-9,13-15]. In Russia, the share of unrecorded alcohol is one of the highest in Europe [14].
尝试评估俄罗斯实际饮酒水平的尝试是使用各种方法进行的。一些估计是根据人口调查进行的。通过这种方法,估计值[3,12]存在很大差异。这是由于受访者的答案在很大程度上取决于他们的心理学,问题的措辞和调查的设置[12]。根据在RLMS项目框架内进行的一次访谈结果(俄罗斯纵向监测调查),1992年俄罗斯的总饮酒水平为4.8升纯酒精[5]。这低于官方酒精销售水平(不包括非法消费量),今年的酒精销售水平为人均5.0升。访谈中与酒精相关问题的严重性的低估是人类的共同特征[12],但就俄罗斯人口而言,由于“立面心理学”和恐惧,这种特征特别表达了这种特征。出去” [11]。
一些专家同意这样的观点,即无法使用自我报告评估俄罗斯的实际饮酒水平,并且从调查中获得的结果至少应加倍[12]。根据一项研究的结果,该研究是在方法上正确进行的(几乎每天对四个月的受访者进行调查),人均消费平均消费量为16升[17]。
关于此,使用间接方法对实际饮酒水平的估计尤其重要。Treml首次进行了这样的评估,Treml计算了自1960年以来苏联的总饮酒水平[16]。1980年,GoskomStat开始评估前苏联未注册酒精的消费水平[6]。GoskomStat的计算是基于当时俄罗斯生产月光的主要原材料的过量销售水平。但是,由于糖供应分销网络的供应中断,GoskomStat在1988年停止这样做[5]。
1981年,Nemtsov估计俄罗斯的实际饮酒水平,基于法医医学检查区域局记录的暴力死亡率水平。在这种情况下,使用了血液中饮酒和无酒精的死亡人数的比率[6]。后来(1988-1989),当消耗数据被解释时,事实证明,TREML,GoskomStat和Nemtsov的估计值独立制作,使用不同的方法论方法非常接近[9]。
另一种尝试使用ARIMA方法分析使用ARIMA方法,使用三个与酒精相关问题的间接指标:急性酒精中毒的死亡率,外部的死亡率和酒精性的发生率的死亡率,使用ARIMA方法进行动态评估的实际水平。精神病是Razvodovsky [14]进行的。应该注意的是,他提出的方法以及基于时间序列分析的其他方法具有许多局限性,其中最重要的是需要了解起点的一般饮酒水平和积累估计误差随时间序列的延长。
此外,评估的结果在一定程度上取决于非酒精因素对酒精变量的影响程度[12]。这些不被指控因素的影响是基于使用各种酒精指标的消费水平显着差异的原因,最大程度地估计了使用暴力死亡率,最小值 - 酒精精神病的发生率。为了使这些方法上的局限性升级,最终得分是使用三个指标中每个指标获得的分数的平均值[12]。
Further, the Swedish researcher Norstrom applied the indirect method developed by him, based on the analysis of time series using ARIMA, to estimate the level of alcohol consumption per capita aged 15 years and older in Russia for the period from 1990 to 1998 [11]. The calculation procedure consisted of several stages. First, an assessment was made of the relationship between the dynamics of the level of alcohol consumption and the level of male mortality due to injuries and accidents in the period from 1959 to 1989. For this, the author used the estimates of the level of consumption by Treml (1959-1979) and Nemtsov (1980-1998). At the next stage, using the obtained coefficient, which reflects the relationship between the dependent and independent variables and the dynamics of male mortality from injuries and accidents, the total level of alcohol consumption was calculated for the period from 1990 to 1998 [11].
在后来的一项研究中,Nemtsov和Shelygin使用Arima方法评估了1956年至2012年俄罗斯的总体饮酒水平[10]。计算消费的基础是1980 - 1992年消费的估计,这是通过从三个独立来源的平均估计来获得的:1960 - 1992年的TREML;1980 - 1989年的GoskomStat;1980 - 1992年的Nemtsov。第一阶段包括根据酒精中毒的标准死亡率水平构建平均饮酒水平的Arima模型。该模型是在1980 - 1992年期间建立的,以确定酒精中毒与饮酒之间的关联程度。在第二阶段,根据酒精中毒的男性死亡率,在1956 - 2012年期间推断了所得模型[10]。
Rospotrebnadzor进行的评估在媒体中广泛循环[2]。由于该方法尚未发表,因此2008年的18升18升值得怀疑。此外,该估计与所有其他估计有很大不同,尤其是因为它是针对整个人群进行计算的。这意味着,就15岁以上的人群而言,它将更高。Rospotrebnadzor评估在2009年进行了重复,总计15升,并指出仅在一年内发生的大幅下降(3升)。在1985年的抗酒精运动中,在三年内取得了相同的结果,并强迫减少消费。
The estimates of overall level of alcohol consumption in Russia are presented in the figure 1. Graphical evidence indicate that in the period from 1956 to 2015 the overall level of alcohol consumption was subject to significant fluctuations: it grew almost linearly in the period from 1965 to 1979; decreased markedly in 1981; declined sharply between 1984 and 1987; rose sharply between 1991 and 1994; decreased significantly between 1995 and 1998; then increased significantly in the period from 1999 to 2003, after which it began to decline. The lowest estimate of the level of alcohol consumption for the entire period under consideration was obtained using the method proposed by Razvodovsky (7.25 litres - 1987), and the highest - using the method proposed by Norstrom (19.64 litres - 1994). Despite a significant decrease in the level of alcohol consumption, noted in Russia over the past decade, this level remains high, which necessitates the implementation of a comprehensive anti-alcohol policy, a key aspect of which is a decrease in the availability of alcohol.
图1:估计1980年至2015年之间俄罗斯饮酒的总体水平。
专家估计的差异是指两个时期:1985-1991和2006-2013。仅在出版或已知的获取方法的情况下,就可以讨论消费估计估计之间差异的原因。计算方法的差异很可能在两个位置 - 在初始数据和数学设备本身中。The discrepancy between the results of Razvodovsky and Nemtsov-Shelygin is most likely due to the fact that Razvodovsky’s assessment was based on the incidence rate of alcoholic psychosis, which reacted to the decline in consumption after 1985 with a sharper decrease than other indicators [13].
It should be emphasized that the correctness of estimating the level of alcohol consumption using indirect methods largely depends on whether alcohol is the only factor that determines the level of the indicator chosen as an indicator of alcohol problems. This is a significant disadvantage of the methods, since factors other than alcohol consumption influence the level of alcohol-related problems. For example, the mortality rate due to acute alcohol poisoning, in addition to the general level of alcohol consumption, is determined by such factors as the pattern of consumption, the toxicity of alcoholic beverages, the availability and quality of drug treatment [15]. It should be noted, however, that if factors other than the level of alcohol consumption influence the level of alcohol-related problems, but their influence is constant over time, then indirect methods of assessment are quite suitable for use [8].
间接饮酒的间接估计的可靠性在很大程度上取决于酒精相关问题的统计质量。统计数据质量差的问题对于俄罗斯尤其如此。在分析区域数据之后,Nemtsov得出的结论是,俄罗斯急性酒精中毒的真正死亡率超过了1.65倍的官方数据[6]。不仅存在死亡率数据的有效性问题,而且存在有关注册饮酒水平的数据[10]。基于时间序列分析使用ARIMA技术的间接评估方法的重要缺点是需要了解起点的酒精消耗水平。通常,为此,使用了使用其他方法获得的估计值,特别是从国家筛查[13]获得的数据。
总而言之,尽管在过去的十年中,俄罗斯指出的饮酒水平显着降低,但该水平仍然很高。关于这一点,紧急任务是实施全面的酒精政策,其关键方面是饮酒的可用性减少。本综述中提供的数据表明,尽管有许多局限性,但基于时间序列分析的间接估计方法可用于评估饮酒的总体水平。在制定综合酒精政策的背景下,紧急任务是改善评估总体饮酒水平的方法。
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