据估计,甚至高达30%的全球建筑可能抱怨的主题与室内空气的质量。空气污染的潜在来源可以是有机和无机粒子。本文主要关注生物活的和死的生物来源的空气污染物,特别是那些与真菌。真菌中发现国内住宅的室内空气在很大程度上是相似的物种组成在建筑物的外面。微生物进入建筑物在房间或通过不同的播出时段,可以开发各种材料的表面上。集中在通风不良的发展,潮湿和灰尘的环境。因为这个原因暴露于室内空气污染可能是陌生人的居民比暴露室外空气的杂质。真菌在国内的住宅可能非常危险,因为经常与过敏反应有关,真菌毒素,挥发性有机化合物,甚至与真菌感染。

人们花大约90%的闲暇时间在他们的住所。虽然很难相信暴露于室内空气污染可能是陌生人比暴露于室外空气的杂质[1,2]。只在1978 - 2016年有关室内空气质量问题是14个国际会议。发布于1984年WHO(世界卫生组织)的报告,全球30%的建筑被建议投诉的主题与室内空气的质量[3 - 5]。这个问题在过去的几年中并没有降低,甚至加剧,可以推断出从最新的报告里,部分遭受暴力袭击的人对室内空气质量指南:潮湿和霉菌。据估计,室内潮湿影响室内环境的10 - 50%在欧洲,和其他高度发达国家[6]。越来越有呼吸道症状的报道与呆在家里与湿度问题和微生物的存在对各种建筑材料[7]。我们还指出,室内空气质量差会导致职业病(8、9)。悬浮在空气中的污染物的数量和类型确定的空气质量。空气污染的潜在来源可以是有机和无机粒子。 This article focuses on biological air pollutants as natural pollutants from living and dead biological sources. When thinking about biological factors, microbes are deserving of attention. Microorganisms enter to the interior of the building from the outside, but what’s worth emphasizing is that inside there are major sources for development [10,11]. Indoor microorganisms are present in the air as so called bioaerosol, they settle on different surfaces, can develop in layers of condensed steam on the walls and windows, on food remains, under carpets and on any other damp material. Particularly good environment for the development of many microorganisms is home dust [12,13]. A large number of microorganisms, and in particular mold fungi, often colonize air filters of air -conditioning equipment. Then it will be the direct source of air pollution. The cases of colonization of air filters by molds were also found in hospitals [14]. For this reason, it is understandable that the species of fungus isolated from the indoor air are at least in 50% identical with isolated from different materials, dust, or from the surface of the walls of these rooms [15,16]. Spores or conidia and other structures of fungi enter the human body in various ways: per os, per nasal or per cutaneum [10,17,18].

真菌在国内的住宅通常是与过敏反应(10、19)。由真菌诱导炎症反应的能力在很大程度上取决于生长环境和特定类型的衬底[18]。真菌可以通过过敏:支气管哮喘、鼻炎、结膜炎、荨麻疹、过敏性皮炎。真菌,这取决于物种,能够诱发过敏反应的所有四种类型(20、21)。在所有描述类型的过敏反应引起的真菌最常见的属于敏感类型I -即时反应,IgE-dependent。这种类型的免疫反应也被称为过敏和临床表现为哮喘、鼻炎、鼻窦炎、荨麻疹、肿胀血管或支气管闭塞。在这种情况下,真菌过敏原诱发IgE生产opsonised肥大细胞和嗜碱细胞(20、22)。通常症状出现后10 ~ 30分钟后接触过敏原。II型反应不太频繁。真菌抗原能诱导这种类型的反应是最常见的甘露聚糖,主要存在于细胞壁曲霉菌属和假丝酵母[23]。 These are cytotoxic reactions -dependent mainly from IgG and IgM antibodies or cells such cytotoxic lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, or activated macrophages directed toward antigen which is embedded on blood cells or constitutes a component of cell membrane [23]. With the type III sensitization to fungal antigens, we meet in the case of allergic alveolitis and bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA-allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis) [24]. This type of allergic reaction is usually associated with immune complexes consisting of fungal antigens and antibodies. Such complexes are formed by the presence of small amounts of fungus in the body (in the case of APBA) or repeated exposure to small conidia such these formed by Aspergillus fumigatus (Figure 1) which achieved only 2-3.5 microns [25,26]. Such structures easily invade to the lower respiratory tract [25]. Clinical symptoms of the hypersensitivity reactions type III occur approximately 4-6 hours after exposure to the allergen. Finally, type IV of hypersensitivity reaction develops 24-48 hours after the contact of antigen with Th1 (CD4+) sensitized lymphocyte. Here the antigen can be some fungal cell structures or haptens produced by some fungi or, as recently was described may be connected with Archaea species [27]. Clinically, type IV of hypersensitivity reactions may be manifested by contact dermatitis or urticaria. Also described are granulomatous cases with characteristic inflammatory infiltrates [28].

真菌孢子在一些少量的自然和常见室内和室外空气。在易感个体,然而,他们可能产生各种过敏反应[29]。模具是最常见的在夏天,从9月到11月的问题逐渐减少。沉重的支气管哮喘发作的原因在夏末在高浓度的属的孢子链格孢属和枝孢属(图2 A, B)。相信真菌从毛霉菌目的顺序和青霉菌,曲霉菌属、木霉属,可能扮演相同角色[24]。某些真菌的孢子和分生孢子的浓度在室内空气,然而,是独立的季节。在这种情况下,我们遇到的情况龙介虫lacrymans,成熟的担子果(图3)每天释放大量的担孢子[30]。这种真菌构成威胁不仅因为引起过敏反应的可能性,但也因为大量的各种挥发性有机化合物(挥发性有机化合物的仪器)分泌在活跃的增长以及在果期尸体的死亡时间。另一方面,由于其强大的纤维素和lignolytic属性,这种真菌是危险的建筑材料[31]。

它已经表明,在大多数情况下,所谓的灰尘和季节性过敏花粉热只是真菌孢子,这些疾病的主要原因。这是由于一个事实,即真菌孢子构成房屋灰尘(12、13)的重要组成部分。因此,模具的重要储层是灰尘。在场的真菌菌群在尘土中主要反映了机载mycobiota这些房间。有足够的湿度,灰尘为真菌提供了足够的营养生长。房子灰尘通常由大量的有机质和经常有最佳pH值对真菌[12]。这项,典型的人每天吸入约1万升的空气。一升的室外空气被认为是清洁经常包含24个孢子真菌,细菌细胞,和各种各样的其他有机小粒子。因此,呼吸系统多种过敏原的接触是非常高的[32]。Mold-induced过敏反应往往与流感相关的类似。 It does not matter that some molds are classified as pathogenic and the others as non -pathogenic. Both groups are dangerous to human health [29]. As a rule, species of fungi that are typically pathogenic and cause mycoses are not allergenic [32]. The most common complaints associated with exposures to mold allergens are: runny nose, conjunctivitis, cough, upper respiratory tract congestion, chest pain or urticaria. Allergenic fungi can also enhance the symptoms in patients with atopic dermatitis, in patients with allergic alveolar alveoli or with bronchial pneumonia (ABPA) [33].